SOCIAL SCIENCE - 2009
Set-II
Outside Delhi.Set-II
Q. 7. What does ‘foundational challenge’ of democracy involve? 1
Ans. ‘Foundational challenge’ of Democracy: It relates to making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. It involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling the government and establishing a sovereign and functional state.
Q. 8. Why is it that income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services, that citizens are able to use? Give one example. 1
Ans. Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services, that citizens are able to use. Quality of life also depends on non-material things like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others etc. For example, a person may be in a job which gives him a high pay, but there is no security in his job and leaves him with no time for family. So, in this case, high income is not important as the person has no sense of security and freedom.
Q. 10. Give two examples of renewable resources. ½+½=1
Ans. Renewable resources: Wind, water resources.
Q. 11. Analyse the reasons for the formation of Swaraj Party. 3
Ans. In February, 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non- Cooperation Movement, as he felt that it was turning violent and that the satyagrahis were not properly trained for mass struggle. Some leaders within the Congress were tired of mass struggle by then and wanted to participate in elections to the Provincial Councils. They wanted to oppose British policies within the Councils, argue for reforms and also demonstrate that these Councils were not truly democratic. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru were two leaders who formed the Swaraj Party with the aim to fight elections and participate in Council politics.
Q. 16. Explain the change in nature of India’s international trade in the last 15 years. 3
Ans. Around 1991, the government removed barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. This changed the nature of India’s international trade.
(i) Liberalisation of trade and investment policies allowed Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe leading to an improvement in performance and quality of products.
(ii) After the barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent, goods could be imported and exported easily and also foreign companies could set up factories and offices in India. This has led to an increase in trade between India and different countries.
(iii) Businesses are allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to import or export due to the liberal policies of the Government. Some Indian companies have emerged as MNC’s themselves, for eg., Infosys, Tata Motors etc.
(iv) Doors of investment opened up for MNCs. They have been investing large sums of money in India in industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, etc.
(i) Liberalisation of trade and investment policies allowed Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe leading to an improvement in performance and quality of products.
(ii) After the barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent, goods could be imported and exported easily and also foreign companies could set up factories and offices in India. This has led to an increase in trade between India and different countries.
(iii) Businesses are allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to import or export due to the liberal policies of the Government. Some Indian companies have emerged as MNC’s themselves, for eg., Infosys, Tata Motors etc.
(iv) Doors of investment opened up for MNCs. They have been investing large sums of money in India in industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, etc.
Q. 19. Explain the beliefs of conservative regimes set up in 1815. 4
Ans. Following Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, European governments were driven by conservatism. Conservatives believed that traditional institutions like the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. But, after 1815, most conservatives did not propose to return to the pre-revolutionary days and felt that modernisation could strengthen institutions like the monarchy. A modern army, efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe. At the Congress of Vienna, representatives of European powers met with the intention to restore monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. In 1815, the conservative regimes in Europe were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism, dissent and tried to curb activities that questioned legitimacy of autocratic governments and imposed censorship laws to check newspapers, books, plays and songs that reflected ideas of liberty and freedom.
Ans. Following Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, European governments were driven by conservatism. Conservatives believed that traditional institutions like the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. But, after 1815, most conservatives did not propose to return to the pre-revolutionary days and felt that modernisation could strengthen institutions like the monarchy. A modern army, efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe. At the Congress of Vienna, representatives of European powers met with the intention to restore monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. In 1815, the conservative regimes in Europe were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism, dissent and tried to curb activities that questioned legitimacy of autocratic governments and imposed censorship laws to check newspapers, books, plays and songs that reflected ideas of liberty and freedom.
Or
Explain how Phan Chu Trinh’s ideas differed from Phan Boi Chau’s ideas. 4
Ans. Phan Chu Trinh was intensely hostile to the Monarchy. He wished to establish a democratic republic in Vietnam. In contrast, Phan Boi Chau was a revivalist who valued Vietnam’s sovereignty, mainly in terms of the country’s ancient cultural links with China. There were considerable differences in their visions for Vietnamese independence:
| Phan Boi Chau | Phan Chu Trinh |
| (i) He believed that the foreign enemy should be driven out first, and after achieving nation’s independence, other things could be discussed. | (i) He wished to overthrow the the monarchy, in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights. |
| (ii) He was of the opinion that monarchy should be used to achieve their objective. | (ii) He was staunchly against the monarchy and opposed the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court. He accepted the French revotionary ideal of liberty and wanted the French to set up legal and educational institutions and develop agriculture and industries. |
| (iii) Boi Chau considered modern Vietnam’s break of cultural link with China as a great loss. | (iii) He was greatly influenced by western ideas of democracy and did not want a wholesale rejection of western civilization. |
| (iv) He was completely opposed to the idea of raising people to abolish the monarchy. | (iv) His plan was to raise people to abolish the monarchy. |
Ans.
Q. 20. Explain with examples, how mining and over irrigation are responsible for land degradation. 2+2=4
Ans. Human activities such as mining and over-irrigation are responsible for bringing down the quality of land and causing land degradation.
(i) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In States like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.
(ii) In the States of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, overirrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
(i) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In States like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.
(ii) In the States of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, overirrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
Q. 21. Explain any four efforts made by the Government to improve and modernise Indian agriculture. 4×1=4
Ans.
Q. 24. Taking the example of Netherlands and Northern Ireland, explain the effects of overlapping and cross cutting social differences. 2+2=4
Ans.
Q. 25. Explain with examples, the influence of pressure groups on democracy. 4
Ans.
Q. 26. Explain any four reasons as to why organized sector has an edge over unorganized sector. 4×1=4
Ans.
No comments:
Post a Comment